One form of evergreening occurs when the originator manufacturer “stockpiles” patent protection by obtaining separate 20-year patents on multiple attributes of a single product. But many other evergreening strategies exist …

Information provided by European Generic Association.

Evergreening, in one common form, occurs when the brand-name manufacturer literally “stockpiles” patent protection by obtaining separate 20-year patents on multiple attributes of a single product. These patents can cover everything from aspects of the manufacturing process to tablet colour, or even a chemical produced by the body when the drug is ingested and metabolised by the patient.
In the 1980s the list of a drug’s properties eligible for patenting was relatively limited. They included:
·          Primary uses
·          Processes and intermediates
·          Bulk forms
·          Simple formulations
·          Composition of matter

During the 1990s the catalogue(1) grew to 18, nearly four times the amount of a decade earlier, to include patents on such additional aspects as:
·          Expansive numbers of uses
·          Methods of treatment
·          Mechanism of action
·          Packaging
·          Delivery profiles
·          Dosing regimen
·          Dosing range
·          Dosing route
·          Combinations
·          Screening Methods
·          Chemistry Methods
·          Biological Target
·          Field of use

Evergreening & Pharma Research Costs
When evergreening through patent strategies, the originator manufacturer simply keeps adding patents to the product (whether legitimate or not), essentially forcing the generic manufacturer to choose between waiting for all the patents to expire and applying for marketing authorisation anyway, running the risks of litigation and the associated costs and delays.
In fact, the practice has grown to such proportions that even the originator industry, caught in the trap they themselves created, have begun to complain about the costs involved in litigating disputes over multiple pharmaceutical patents involving their own research (2).

“Life-cycle management” & Evergreening
Indeed, originator laboratories no longer wait until the end of a product’s patent life to begin the evergreening process. In order to maximise revenues from their products, pharmaceuticals executives begin preparing strategies to extend patents and stifle generic competition at the outset of product life-cycles.
To evergreen their products, the originator company will develop what are euphemistically called “life-cycle management plans“ composed not only of patent strategies, but an entire range of practices aimed at limiting or delaying the entry of a generic product onto the market.

Questionable practices – higher prices for patients
While most of these strategies are, in the strictest sense of the word, legal, most represent a misuse of pharmaceuticals patents and the regulations governing authorisation. Evergreening is clearly anti-competitive, results in higher expenditure for Europe’s financially burdened healthcare systems, and drives up patient co-payments.

In the words of Greg Perry, Director General of EGA:

“These practices beg the question of whether they meet the intended purpose of pharmaceutical patent law. More importantly, society must ask itself how much longer it is willing to subsidise pharmaceutical companies through the high prices demanded for their products when lower-priced generic equivalents could be available. The European generics pharmaceutical industry firmly believes that strong protection of intellectual property rights is essential to maintaining continued progress in the development of new treatments. It also believes that current rules must be constantly reviewed to eliminate the loopholes which undermine the fragile balance between legitimate IP rights and the imperative need to ensure a continuous supply of competitively-priced generic medicines.”

(1) This list is included in a presentation entitled “Evolution of IPR and Pharmaceutical Discovery and Development”, given by Eric Larson, Senior Director, Groton Site Head, Pfizer Global Research & Development, at the conference: “Intellectual Property Rights: How Far Should They Be Extended?”, organised by The National Academies, Committee on Intellectual Property Rights in the Knowledge-based Economy (22 October 2001).

(2) Ibid; Also see Larson’s comments during panel discussions in the verbatim report of the conference proceedings, pp 119-127.

(1) This list is included in a presentation entitled “Evolution of IPR and Pharmaceutical Discovery and Development”, given by Eric Larson, Senior Director, Groton Site Head, Pfizer Global Research & Development, at the conference: “Intellectual Property Rights: How Far Should They Be Extended?”, organised by The National Academies, Committee on Intellectual Property Rights in the Knowledge-based Economy (22 October 2001). Viewed on 20 April 2004 at: . (2) Ibid; Also see Larson’s comments during panel discussions in the verbatim report of the conference proceedings, pp 119-127. Viewed on 20 April 2004 at .